UBURUSIYA MURI GAHUNDA YO GUKORA URUKINGO RWA SIDA

UBURUSIYA MURI GAHUNDA YO GUKORA URUKINGO RWA SIDA

Ijwi ryaturutse i Moscow ryatumye amahanga yose atangira kongera kwiringira ko izabaho itekanye nta SIDA. Inzobere mu by’indwara z’ibyorezo zo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Gamaleya (Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology), izwi cyane kubera gukora urukingo rwa Sputnik V rwahagaritse COVID-19, zatangaje ko mu myaka ibiri iri imbere zishobora kuzaba zamaze gukora urukingo rushya rushobora guhangana n’icyorezo cya VIH/SIDA.

Amakuru yatangajwe na Vladimir Gushchin, Umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya indwara z’ibyorezo muri iki kigo, yanyuze mu bitangazamakuru byinshi by’igihugu, by’umwihariko RIA Novosti, bikaba byarafashwe nk’inkuru itanga icyizere gikomeye nyuma y’imyaka myinshi abashakashatsi baseruka gusa bafite amagerageza atigeze agera ku ntego nyayo.

Uburyo bushya: Ikoranabuhanga rya mRNA

Uyu mushinga uzubakira kuri mRNA (messenger Ribonucleic Acid), uburyo bwagaragaye mu nkingo za COVID-19 nka Pfizer-BioNTech na Moderna, ndetse bukaba bwaragaragaje ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukoresha amakuru y’imiterere y’uturemangingo kugira ngo umubiri w’ubwirinzi wikorere proteines zidasanzwe zifasha mu kurwanya ibinyabutabire by’amoko atandukanye.

Gushchin yagize ati: “Turi gukora antigen ya mbere izatanga ubudahangarwa bushobora kurwanya ubwoko bwinshi bwa virusi. Intsinzi y’urwo rukingo izaterwa n’uko ikinyabutabire cya ‘immunogène’ dukoresha kizashobora gutanga igisubizo cyo kwirinda ubwoko bwose bwa virusi.”

Uyu mugabo yashimangiye ko HIV ari virusi yihinduranya cyane kandi ifite amoko menshi, ibintu byagiye bituma ubushakashatsi bwose bwakozwe mbere bwo kuyihashya bwagiye bunanirwa cyangwa bukaba buke cyane mu gusaranganya ubushobozi mu bwoko bwose bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Kuki virusi itera SIDA igoye kurwanya?

Mu myaka isaga 40 ishize SIDA ivumbuwe, inzira yo gukora urukingo rwizewe yaragoranye cyane. HIV ni virusi izwiho:

1. Kwihinduranya kenshi: Yihindura ku buryo ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri buyitwaramo nk’iyindi nshya buri gihe.
2. Kwinjira mu turemangingo tw’ingenzi: Igira ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu turemangingo tw’umubiri turinda ubudahangarwa (T-cells), bigatuma nta basirikare b’umubiri bayibasha.
3. Ubwoko bwinshi: HIV ifite ibice byinshi (subtypes/clades) bukwirakwijwe ku isi hose, ku buryo urukingo rumwe rutashobora guhangana na byose.

Ni yo mpamvu urukingo ruri hafi kugera ku ntego rufatwa nk’“urukingo rw’icyizere” rwasubiza amahanga menshi inyuma y’imyaka y’amahane n’agahinda.

Gamaleya n’inararibonye

Ikigo cya Gamaleya si gishya mu mateka yo gukora inkingo zifite ingaruka zikomeye. Ku wa 11 Kanama 2020, ni bo batangaje bwa mbere ku isi urukingo rwa COVID-19 rwahawe izina Sputnik V, rukoreshwa mu bihugu birenga 70 kandi rugira impuzandengo yo kurinda abantu ku kigero cya 97.8% mu bantu bakurikiranwe mu buryo bwa siyansi.

Ubu bunararibonye bukomeye bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mRNA ndetse no gusuzuma ingaruka ku bantu benshi butanga icyizere ko n’urukingo rwa HIV ruri gukorwa ruzaba rufite ishingiro rikomeye.

Uko urugendo ruzaba rumeze

Gushchin yavuze ko urugendo rwo gukora uru rukingo rushya ruzafata imyaka ibiri, rugatangirana n’ibizamini ku nyamaswa, cyane cyane izifite imiterere ikomeye yegeranye n’iy’abantu (nk’inguge). Nyuma hazakurikiraho igeragezwa ku bantu mu byiciro bitatu:

1. Phase I: kugenzura umutekano w’urukingo ku bantu bake.
2. Phase II: kureba uko umubiri usubiza (immunogenicity).
3. Phase III: kugerageza ku bantu ibihumbi mu bihugu bitandukanye kugira ngo hagenzurwe neza ko rukora kandi rutekanye.

Impinduka ku rwego mpuzamahanga

Raporo nshya ya UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2025 yagaragaje ko ubwandu bushya bwa HIV bwagabanyutseho 40% kuva mu 2010, mu gihe impfu ziterwa na SIDA zagabanyutseho 56%. Ariko n’ubwo hari intambwe igaragara, abakirwaye baracyari benshi cyane: miliyoni zisaga 39 ku isi yose zituye cyane cyane muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara.

Uru rukingo rufatwa nk’inkoni y’icyuma ishobora guca intege icyorezo, rukagira ingaruka zikomeye cyane mu bihugu nka Afurika y’Epfo, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda na Mozambique aho ubwandu bukiri hejuru cyane.

Uruhare rwa Afurika

Mu myaka yashize, Afurika yakunze kuba isoko ryo kugerageza inkingo nshya, ariko rimwe na rimwe ikitirirwa ubushakashatsi budatanga inyungu ku baturage bayo. Abashinzwe ubuzima ku mugabane bavuga ko iyi nshuro hagomba kubaho uburyo buzirinda ubusumbane mu kugerageza no gukwirakwiza urukingo.

Aho ibihugu bikomeye bihagaze

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika binyuze muri NIH (National Institutes of Health), byagiye bikoreshamo amamiliyoni y’amadolari mu mishinga yo gukora urukingo rwa HIV ariko bikagira intambwe nke.
• Uburayi nabwo bwashyizeho ibigo by’ubushakashatsi nka European Vaccine Initiative, ariko ntibyigeze bigira impinduka nk’izi.
• Uburusiya busigaye bwifitemo umutima wo guhesha agaciro ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukora inkingo nyuma y’intsinzi ya Sputnik V.

Ibyiringiro n’amakenga

N’ubwo inkuru yishimiwe cyane, hari impungenge ku ruhande rw’abashakashatsi bamwe.
Prof. Michael Thompson wo muri Harvard University yavuze ati:

“Ikoranabuhanga rya mRNA ryerekanye ubushobozi bukomeye, ariko HIV ni virusi itandukanye cyane na SARS-CoV-2. Gukora urukingo ruyirwanya bizasaba gucengera ikibatsi cy’ubudahangarwa mu buryo budasanzwe. Kugira icyizere ni byiza, ariko tugomba kwitonda.”

Hari n’ababona ko politiki ya geopolitics (umubano hagati y’ibihugu bikomeye) ishobora kugira uruhare mu kugena uko urukingo ruzakwirakwizwa.

Ubushakashatsi bwa Gamaleya buje mu gihe amahanga amaze imyaka irenga ine yibasiwe n’ingaruka za COVID-19 ndetse akibona ko ubushakashatsi ku nkingo bushobora kugera ku buhanga buhanitse. Kuba ubu hari icyizere cy’uko mu myaka ibiri isi ishobora kubona urukingo rwa mbere rwa HIV ni ikintu gishobora guhindura amateka y’ubuzima ku isi.

N’ubwo urugendo rugikomeje kandi rutarimo ibizazane bike, icyizere cyongeye kubaho. Abantu miliyoni mirongo itatu n’icyenda ku isi yose bategereje isaha n’isaha ko uru rukingo ruzaba impano izabakura mu buroko bw’imyaka myinshi bwitwa icyorezo cya SIDA.

Uru rukingo si urwa Uburusiya gusa, si urw’abashakashatsi gusa, ni urw’abantu bose ku isi.

Impinduka ku bukungu: SIDA n’ibihombo ku isi

Ubwandu bwa VIH/SIDA ntibwangije ubuzima bw’abantu gusa, ahubwo bwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu bw’isi yose, cyane cyane muri Afurika. Abahanga bavuga ko SIDA ari icyorezo cyari kimaze kuba umutwaro w’ubukungu mu bihugu byinshi.

1. Umutwaro ku bikorwa by’ubuvuzi

Kugeza mu 2024, amafranga asaga miliyari 20 z’amadolari buri mwaka ni yo yakoreshwaga ku rwego rw’isi mu kurwanya VIH/SIDA, harimo kugura imiti igabanya ubukana (ARVs), kwita ku barwayi, no gushyigikira gahunda z’ubwirinzi.

Mu bihugu bikennye, akenshi ayo mafaranga yaturukaga mu baterankunga mpuzamahanga nka PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyangwa The Global Fund. Urukingo rubonetse, aya mafaranga yajya mu bindi bikorwa nk’iterambere ry’uburezi, imihanda cyangwa inganda.

2. Igihombo mu musaruro w’abakozi

SIDA yakunze kwibasira cyane abantu bakiri bato (urubyiruko n’abakuze batarengeje imyaka 45) ari bo baterankunga nyamukuru mu musaruro w’igihugu. Ibi byagize ingaruka ku musaruro mbumbe w’imbere mu gihugu (GDP) w’ibihugu byinshi.

Urugero: Banki y’Isi yigeze kugaragaza ko Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara yagiye ihomba hagati ya 1% na 2% by’umusaruro wayo buri mwaka kubera igihombo giterwa n’impfu, uburwayi no kubura umusaruro byatewe na SIDA.

Niba urukingo rukoze, bizatuma abakozi benshi bakomeza gukora imyaka myinshi, bityo ubukungu buzazamuke.

3. Guhindura isoko ry’imiti

Isoko rya ARVs rimaze kuba rinini cyane, rifite agaciro ka miliyari zirenga 30 ku mwaka. Ibigo bikora imiti nka Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare na Johnson & Johnson byungukira cyane mu kugurisha iyi miti. Ariko urukingo rwa HIV rutsinze, isoko ry’iyi miti ryagabanuka cyane.

Ibi bishobora guteza impaka hagati y’ibihugu n’ibigo bikomeye mu bucuruzi bw’imiti, ariko ku rwego rw’ubuzima rusange bizaba ari inyungu ku batuye isi yose.

4. Umusaruro mu buzima bw’isi

Raporo ya UNAIDS yo mu 2025 igaragaza ko abantu 39 miliyoni babana na VIH. Niba urukingo rwabonetse, izi miliyoni zose zizagira amahirwe yo gukira cyangwa kwirinda ubwandu bushya.

Ibi bishobora gusobanura impinduka zikomeye mu bukungu bw’isi:

• Kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu buvuzi.
• Kongera abakozi bazima ku isoko ry’umurimo.
• Guhindura uburyo ibihugu bikennye byitabwaho n’abaterankunga, bigahabwa amahirwe yo kwiyubakira ubushobozi bwabyo.

5. Ingaruka ku Rwanda n’akarere

Mu Rwanda, imibare yerekana ko ubwandu bwa VIH buri ku kigero cya 3% mu bantu bakuru, ariko guverinoma ikoresha amafaranga menshi cyane mu kugura no gutanga ARVs ku baturage ku buntu.

Urukingo rubonetse:

• Byagabanya umutwaro ku ngengo y’imari y’igihugu.
• Byagabanya umubare w’abantu bagikeneye kwitabwaho buri munsi.
• Byafungura uburyo bwo gukoresha amafaranga asanzwe ajya mu buvuzi bwa VIH mu bindi bikorwa nk’iterambere ry’urubyiruko.

Iyo dushyize mu mibare, urukingo rwa VIH/SIDA rwashobora kuzigama isi miliyari nyinshi z’amadolari buri mwaka, rukongera umusaruro mu kazi, kandi rukagabanya igitutu cy’ubuzima ku bihugu bikennye.

Uru rukingo si ikintu cy’ubuzima gusa, ahubwo ni igikoresho cy’ubukungu gishobora guhindura imiterere y’isi.