Umwanzi wihishe wica buhoro buhoro

Itabi mu bo ryica harimo n’abatarinywa

Mu gihe isi irwana no gukumira indwara zandura nka SIDA, malariya cyangwa COVID-19, hari undi mwanzi uhoraho ariko akenshi abantu badafata nk’ukomeye: itabi. Kunywa itabi byagizwe ikimenyetso cy’ubugabo cyangwa ubusirimu mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, ariko inyuma y’iyo shusho nziza mpimbano, hihishe inkuru y’urupfu, indwara zikomeye, ihungabana ry’imibereho n’igihombo gikomeye ku bukungu bw’igihugu.

Ubushakashatsi bw’ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima (OMS) bwerekana ko itabi rihitana abantu barenga miliyoni 8 buri mwaka ku isi, harimo miliyoni 1 bapfa bataryinywa ahubwo bazize guhumeka umwuka wanduye n’abanywa itabi bari hafi yabo, ingaruka zaryo zisiga imiryango mu bukene n’ubwigunge.

Icyo itabi ari cyo n’imiterere yaryo

Itabi ni ibimera bikomoka mu bishishwa byumishijwe bigacuruzwa nk’ibibabi cyangwa amapaki bikoreshwa mu gutumura. Icya mbere cyangiza mu itabi ni nikotine, ikaba ikinyabutabire gitera ubwonko kwishimira bikabije ku buryo umuntu ashaka kongera kurinywa. Nyamara itabi rifite ibindi bisaga ibihumbi 7 by’ibinyabutabire, muri byo hari ibirenga 70 bizwiho guteza kanseri.

Ingaruka ku buzima bw’umubiri

1. Kanseri

Itabi rizwiho kuba intandaro ya kanseri nyinshi:

Kanseri y’ibihaha (poumon): 90% by’abarwaye iyi kanseri baba baranywaga itabi.

Kanseri y’umunwa n’umuhogo: Kanseri y’umunwa n’umuhogo ni indwara iterwa n’uko uturemangingo (cells) two muri ibi bice bikura mu buryo budasanzwe, bigatangira kugwira cyane bigakora ikibyimba (tumor) gishobora gukwirakwira mu bindi bice by’umubiri.

Kanseri y’umwijima n’iy’igifu: Abanywa itabi kenshi bagira ibyago byinshi byo gufatwa n’iyi kanseri.

2. Indwara z’umutima

Abanywa itabi bakunda kugira:

Umuvuduko w’amaraso uri hejuru (hypertension).

Kwifungana k’imitsi itwara amaraso (athérosclérose).

Kuba mu byago bikomeye byo kugira stroke cyangwa kurwara umutima.

3. Indwara z’ubuhumekero

Itabi ritera:

Bronchite chronique: umuntu agasigara akorora kenshi afite ibisebe mu bihaha.

Emphysème: ibihaha bigatakaza ubushobozi bwo guhumeka neza.

Kurwara asima bikomeye ku bantu bafite indwara z’ubuhumekero zisanzwe.

4. Imikorere y’umubiri igabanuka

Itabi rigabanya imbaraga zo kurinda umubiri, rikongera ibyago byo gufatwa n’indwara zandura, cyane cyane indwara z’ubuhumekero nka pneumonie n’igituntu.

Ingaruka ku buzima bwo mu mutwe

N’ubwo benshi bemeza ko itabi ribafasha kuruhuka cyangwa kugabanya stress, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ari ikinyoma cy’akanya gato.

Kunyuranya mu bwonko: Nikotine ituma ubwonko bwumva bwishimye igihe gito, ariko nyuma y’iminota mike umuntu arushaho kugira stress, bigatuma ashaka kongera kurinywa.

Ihungabana n’agahinda: Abanywa itabi kenshi bagira ibyago byinshi byo kugira agahinda gakabije (depression).

Kwiyongera k’ubwoba: Itabi ridindiza uburyo ubwonko bwakira amakuru, bikongera ubwoba no guhangayika.

Ingaruka ku rubyaro n’imiryango

Itabi ntirangirira ku muntu urinywa gusa.

Ku bagore batwite: kunywa itabi cyangwa guhumeka umwuka wanduye w’abanywa itabi bishobora gutuma umwana avuka adakuze neza, afite ibiro bike, cyangwa akavukana ubumuga bw’ubwonko.

Ku bana: Abana baba mu ngo z’abanywa itabi bahura kenshi n’indwara z’ubuhumekero, ibicurane by’igihe kirekire, ndetse na asima.

Ku miryango: Amafaranga y’urugo ashorwa mu kugura itabi aho gukoreshwa mu kwishyura amashuri, kugura ibiribwa cyangwa kwivuza.

Kunywa itabi ku bantu batarinywa (fumée passive)

Abahanga bavuga ko umuntu uhumeka umwuka wanduye w’itabi ari mu byago bimwe n’uwurinywa. Nta gipimo cy’umutekano gihari ku guhumeka uwo mwuka. Uko umuntu uhumeka itabi ry’abandi kenshi, ni ko arushaho kugira ibyago byo kurwara kanseri, umutima cyangwa indwara z’ubuhumekero.

Ingaruka ku mibereho rusange

1. Impumuro mbi n’umwanda

Itabi risiga umunuko ku myenda, mu nzu no mu biro. Ibi bitera bamwe kwanga gukorana cyangwa kuba hafi y’abanywa itabi.

2. Amafaranga menshi apfushwa ubusa

Mu Rwanda, ikibabi cy’itabi kigurwa hagati ya 500 na 2000 Frw. Umuntu unywa ibabi 5 ku cyumweru ashobora gutakaza amafaranga arenga 50,000 ku kwezi, ni ukuvuga hejuru ya 600,000 ku mwaka. Ayo mafaranga yagafashije mu gutunga urugo, kwiga cyangwa gushora imari.

3. Igihombo ku bukungu bw’igihugu

Kuvura indwara ziterwa n’itabi bisaba amafaranga menshi. Leta ihora ishora akayabo mu bitaro, mu gihe ayo mafaranga yagafashije mu bindi bikorwa by’iterambere.

Ubuhamya

Mugabo Patrice, umusaza w’imyaka 62, agira ati: “Natangiye kunywa itabi mfite imyaka 20. Byari ikimenyetso cy’ubusore. Nyuma y’imyaka 30, naje gufatwa na kanseri y’uruhago. Ubu mpora mu bitaro, sinshobora guhumeka neza. Iyo mba nari nararetse kare.”

Mukamana Rose, umubyeyi w’abana batatu, ati: “Umugabo wanjye yanywaga itabi buri munsi mu nzu. Abana bose bakundaga kurwara ibicurane, rimwe na rimwe bagahumeka nabi. Byari ikibazo gikomeye kugeza igihe twafashe icyemezo cyo kubimubuza. Ariko indwara zasigiye abana ibibazo by’igihe kirekire.”

Ijambo ry’inzobere

Dr. Nyirandekwe Clarisse, inzobere mu ndwara z’ubuhumekero, avuga ati:

“Itabi ni kimwe mu bintu byica abantu benshi ku isi ariko bikirengagizwa. Umuti nyawo si ugukoresha uburyo bwo ‘kugabanya’, ahubwo ni uguhagarika burundu. Nta gipimo cy’itabi cyizewe, kuko buri tabi ryose ryongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara zidakira.”

Politiki n’ingamba zo kurwanya itabi

Ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko yo kubuza kunywera itabi ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, harimo muri za resitora, mu masoko no mu biro bya Leta. U Rwanda rwashyizeho amategeko abuza kunywa itabi mu ruhame no kugurisha itabi ku bana. Ariko haracyakenewe byinshi:

Gukomeza ubukangurambaga bwo kumenyesha abaturage ingaruka zaryo.

Kuzamura imisoro ku itabi kugira ngo rigure menshi, bigabanye abarigura.

Gutanga ubufasha ku bashaka kureka, binyuze mu biganiro no mu miti yifashishwa mu gukuramo nikotine mu mubiri.

Itabi ni umwanzi utica rimwe ngo birangire, ahubwo ryica buhoro buhoro kugeza ubwo umuntu arwara indwara zidakira cyangwa agapfa. Ntabwo ari ikibazo cy’umuntu ku giti cye gusa, ahubwo ni ikibazo cy’umuryango, sosiyete ndetse n’igihugu cyose.

Kunywa itabi si ikimenyetso cy’ubugabo cyangwa ubusirimu, ahubwo ni intandaro y’indwara, ubukene n’urupfu. Kureka itabi ni inzira nziza yo kurengera ubuzima bw’umuntu, ubwa buri wese mu muryango, ndetse no gufasha igihugu kwinjira mu nzira y’iterambere rirambye.