AFC/M23 yashyizeho Komisiyo yo gusubukura imirimo y’ubucamanza mu duce igenzura

AFC/M23 yashyizeho Komisiyo yo gusubukura imirimo y’ubucamanza mu duce igenzura

Ku wa 12 Kanama 2025, Umuvugizi w’AFC/M23, Lawrence Kanyuka, yatangaje icyemezo gifite nimero 022/COORDO/AFC-M23/2025, cyashyizeho komisiyo ishinzwe gutangiza no kugenzura inzira yo gusubukura imirimo y’ubutabera mu bice byafunguwe n’uyu mutwe wa gisirikare. Icyemezo gishyiraho iyi komisiyo kije mu gihe hari hashize amezi menshi humvikana ibirego by’abaturage bo mu duce tugenzurwa n’AFC/M23 bavuga ko hakenewe inzego zifite ubushobozi bwo gukemura amakimbirane, kurengera uburenganzira bwa buri wese no guca imanza mu mucyo.

Iyi komisiyo, nk’uko byatangajwe, izaba ifite inshingano nyamukuru eshatu:

iya mbere, gutegura uburyo bwo gusubukura imirimo y’ubucamanza hagamijwe kongera guha abaturage icyizere mu nkiko n’abacamanza;

iya kabiri, gukurikirana no kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’aya mabwiriza kugira ngo byorohere abaturage kubona ubutabera ku gihe;

iya gatatu, gushyiraho inzego z’ifatizo z’ubutabera ku rwego rw’imirenge n’uturere, zishobora gukemura ibibazo mu buryo bwihuse kandi mu mucyo.

Lawrence Kanyuka yasobanuye ko AFC/M23 ibona ko mu bice bitandukanye bya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Epfo bikunze kuba mu ntambara, abaturage bakunze kubura inzego z’ubutabera zihamye. Ibi bigatuma bamwe bahindukira bakajya gushaka ubufasha mu mitwe y’inyeshyamba cyangwa mu bigo bitazwiho gukorera mu mucyo, bigakurura ubugizi bwa nabi no gutakaza icyizere mu butegetsi.

“Twashatse kwerekana ko AFC/M23 itagamije gusa intambara yo ku rugamba, ahubwo inaharanira ko abaturage bacu babaho mu mahoro, bafite inzego zibacira imanza mu buryo buboneye kandi bunoze. Nta muturage ukwiye kubura ubutabera bitewe n’uko igihugu kiri mu ntambara cyangwa cyagize ibibazo bya politiki,” ni ko Kanyuka yabitangaje mu kiganiro yahaye itangazamakuru.

Icyemezo cyasohowe kandi kivuga ko iyi komisiyo izakorana bya hafi n’abaturage, abashinzwe umutekano, ndetse n’abafite ubumenyi mu mategeko mu rwego rwo gutanga inama no kugenzura ko ubutabera butarangwamo amarangamutima cyangwa ruswa. Hazashyirwaho uburyo bwo kwakira ibirego n’ibibazo by’abaturage, haba ku buryo bwanditse cyangwa mu magambo, ndetse hubahirizwe uburenganzira bw’abakekwaho ibyaha kugeza igihe urukiko rufashe umwanzuro wa nyuma.

Abasesengura ibya politiki bavuga ko iki gikorwa cya AFC/M23 gifite ubutumwa bubiri bukomeye.

Ubwa mbere ni ugukomeza kwigarurira icyizere cy’abaturage mu bice bigenzurwa n’uyu mutwe, no kugaragaza ko ufite ubushobozi bwo gutanga serivisi z’ibanze nk’uko leta isanzwe ibikora.

Ubwa kabiri ni ugutanga isura nshya ku rwego mpuzamahanga, yerekana ko AFC/M23 atari umutwe w’inyeshyamba uharanira gusa guhirika ubutegetsi, ahubwo ufite gahunda yo gucunga neza abaturage.

Mu baturage bo mu duce M23 igenzura, hari abavuga ko icy’ingenzi ari ukugira aho berekeza ikibazo cyabo. Umwe mu batuye mu karere ka Rutshuru yagize ati: “Twamaze igihe kirekire tutagira aho twiyambaza. Niba komisiyo izadufasha kubona ubutabera, byaba ari intambwe nziza, n’ubwo tutazi neza uko bizagenda.”

Mu minsi iri imbere, biteganyijwe ko komisiyo izatangaza gahunda y’ifatizo izakurikizwa, harimo n’uko abacamanza n’abunzi bazatoranywa, uburyo iburanisha rizajya rikorwa, ndetse n’aho inkiko zizashyirwa. AFC/M23 ivuga ko izaharanira ko ibi bikorwa byose bikorwa mu mucyo, ariko amaso y’isi yose ari kuri bo kugira ngo barebe niba koko ibyo bavuze bizashyirwa mu bikorwa.

Iki cyemezo cya tariki 12 Kanama 2025 kigaragaza ko AFC/M23 ikomeje kugerageza guhindura uburyo bw’imiyoborere mu bice iyoboye, byaba mu rwego rwa politiki, ubukungu ndetse n’ubutabera, mu gihe imirwano na FARDC ikomeje mu bindi bice bya Kivu.

Ubusesenguzi mpuzamahanga ku cyemezo cya AFC/M23 cyo gushyiraho komisiyo ishinzwe gusubukura ubutabera mu duce twafunguwe ku wa 12 Kanama 2025:

1. Imiterere y’icyemezo mu rwego mpuzamahanga

Icyemezo nimero 022/COORDO/AFC-M23/2025 nticyafashwe gusa nk’igikorwa cya politiki yo mu rwego rw’imbere mu bice bigenzurwa na AFC/M23, ahubwo gifite n’ubusobanuro bukomeye mu rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, hari ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko umutwe ufite ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bwo gushyiraho inzego z’imiyoborere, ukanatanga serivisi z’ibanze, ushobora gufatwa nk’umutwe ufite imiterere ya “proto-state” cyangwa “authority de facto” mu duce ugenzura. Ibi bishobora kuba intambwe ya mbere yo gushaka ukwemerwa mpuzamahanga (recognition), n’ubwo biba bitoroshye.

2. Icyakorwa n’Inama y’Umutekano ya LONI

Icyizere cyangwa impungenge?

LONI binyuze muri MONUSCO ishobora kubona iki gikorwa nk’ukugerageza kwimakaza ituze mu baturage no kugabanya ihohoterwa ryashoboraga gukorwa n’abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa imitwe yitwaje intwaro.

3. Uko CIRGL ishobora kubifata

CIRGL (Conférence Internationale sur la Région des Grands Lacs) ikunze gushyira imbere gahunda yo kugarura amahoro mu karere. Ibi bishobora gutuma bareba icyemezo cya AFC/M23 mu buryo bubiri:

Mu buryo bwiza: Gukemura amakimbirane mu baturage no kubaha uburyo bwo kubona ubutabera bishobora kugabanya intonganya no guhohotera abaturage, bigatuma haba amahirwe yo kuganira ku mahoro arambye.

Mu buryo bubi: Gushiraho inzego z’ubucamanza mu buryo bwigenga bishobora gufatwa nk’igikorwa cyo gusimbura no gusuzugura Leta ya RDC, bikaba ikimenyetso cyo gukomeza “partition de facto” (uguhindura isura y’igihugu) mu karere ka Kivu.

4. Impinduka ku mubano na Leta ya RDC

Leta ya Kinshasa ishobora gufata iki gikorwa nk’ihonyorwa ry’ubusugire bw’igihugu. Mu buryo bwemewe, ubutabera ni imwe mu nzego za Leta zidashobora gushyirwa mu maboko y’umutwe w’igisirikare wihariye. Ibi bishobora gutuma haba kongera imbarutso mu ntambara, kuko RDC ishobora kubona AFC/M23 nk’ishaka kubaka ubutegetsi bwayo mu buryo burambye.

5. Impinduka ku isura ya AFC/M23 mu mahanga

Iyo komisiyo iramutse ikoreshejwe mu buryo buboneye, hakubahirizwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga nk’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (DUDH) n’Amasezerano ya Genève, AFC/M23 ishobora kugenda yigarurira icyizere mu ruhando mpuzamahanga, by’umwihariko mu bihugu bitajya bigendera gusa ku mahame ya politiki ahubwo bigashishoza ku byerekeye gucunga neza abaturage.

Ariko iyo byagaragara ko ari uburyo bwo gucira imanza zifite imiterere ya politiki cyangwa gukoreshwa mu gucecekesha abatavuga rumwe na yo, isura y’uyu mutwe yakwangirika kurushaho, ikaba yahura n’ibihano byiyongera.

6. Ihuriro n’ibiganiro by’amahoro

Mu gihe ibiganiro hagati ya RDC na AFC/M23 byaba bigiye gusubukurwa, iyi komisiyo ishobora kuba ikarita ya politiki ikoreshwa mu biganiro:

Ku ruhande rwa AFC/M23: yerekana ko ishobora gucunga abaturage mu buryo buhamye, bityo ikaba isaba ko ihabwa umwanya w’ubuyobozi mu bice igenzura.

Ku ruhande rwa RDC: isaba ko izo nzego ziseswa, kandi zigasimbuzwa izashyirwaho ku bufatanye n’inzego za Leta.

7. Icyo bishobora kuvamo mu gihe kirekire

Uruhande rwiza: Komisiyo ikora neza, igaha abaturage ubutabera mu mucyo, bigatanga icyizere ku mpande zombi ndetse bikaba intangiriro yo gushyiraho inzego zihuriweho.

Uruhande rubi: Komisiyo iramutse ihindutse igikoresho cya politiki, igahinduka inzira yo guca imanza zishingiye ku marangamutima no gukumira abo AFC/M23 idashaka, bigatera urundi rwitwazo rwo gukaza imirwano.

Ubusesenguzi bwimbitse ku ngaruka z’iyo komisiyo ya AFC/M23 ku rwego rw’ubutabera mpuzamahanga (International Criminal Law – ICL) na International Criminal Court – ICC:

1. Ubutabera mpuzamahanga n’aho buhagarara mu gihe cy’intambara

Mu rwego rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga, igihe igihugu kiri mu ntambara cyangwa gifite uduce tugenzurwa n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, inzego z’ubutabera zigengwa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga arimo:

Amasezerano ya Genève yo mu 1949 n’amategeko yayo y’inyongera (Additional Protocols)

Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (DUDH)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Ibi byose bisaba ko:

Abakekwaho ibyaha bahabwa uburenganzira bwo kwiregura (right to a fair trial),

Inkiko zigomba kuba zinyuze mu mucyo kandi zitarimo ivangura,

Kuburana mu ruhame keretse mu bihe byihariye cyane bishingiye ku mutekano,

Kuburanirwa n’umwunganizi mu mategeko.

2. Ingaruka ku rwego rwa ICC

ICC (International Criminal Court) igira uruhare iyo habaye ibyaha bikomeye:

Ibyaha by’intambara (War crimes)

Ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu (Crimes against humanity)

Jenocide

Iyo komisiyo ya AFC/M23 yaramuka itubahirije ibyo bisabwa n’amategeko mpuzamahanga:

Iramutse iciriye imanza mu buryo bwica uburenganzira bwa muntu (nko kudaha abakekwaho ibyaha umwanya wo kwiregura, kubacira urwo gupfa bidakurikije amategeko, kubafunga nabi), ibyo bishobora gufatwa nk’icyaha cy’intambara gikozwe n’ubuyobozi bufite inshingano.

Iyo bigaragaye ko komisiyo ikoresha ubutabera mu nyungu za politiki, cyangwa igafunga, igakoresha iyicarubozo, cyangwa ikica abo idashaka, ibi bishobora gutuma abayobozi bayo bagira ubushinjacyaha mpuzamahanga ku giti cyabo (individual criminal responsibility) imbere ya ICC.

3. Inshingano za “command responsibility”

Muri ICL, umuyobozi mukuru ufite ububasha bwo kugenzura abakozi cyangwa abasirikare bashyira mu bikorwa ubutabera, ashobora kubazwa igihe:

Azi cyangwa yari akwiye kumenya ko ibyaha birimo gukorwa

Ntacyo yakoze ngo abihagarike cyangwa ngo abihanire ababikoze

Ibi bivuze ko Lawrence Kanyuka n’abandi bayobozi ba AFC/M23 baba bafite inshingano yo guhagarika cyangwa gukumira ibikorwa byose by’ubutabera butubahirije amategeko mpuzamahanga, bitaba ibyo bakabibazwa imbere ya ICC.

4. Ingaruka ku kwemerwa nk’inzego zemewe

Mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, kwiyubakira inzego z’ubutabera bishobora gufatwa nk’igikorwa cya politiki cyerekana ubushake bwo kuba ubutegetsi bwigenga. Ariko iyo izo nzego ziba ishingiro ry’ibyaha mpuzamahanga, bigabanya amahirwe y’uko AFC/M23 yakwemerwa n’impande mpuzamahanga nk’umutwe ufite imiterere yemewe.

5. Inama ku gukumira ibibazo

Mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko ICC cyangwa izindi nzego z’ubutabera mpuzamahanga zibabaza, komisiyo ya AFC/M23 yagombye:

Gushyiraho amategeko yanditse ahamye, akubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga,

Kugena abacamanza bigenga kandi bafite ubumenyi mu mategeko mpuzamahanga,

Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura (oversight mechanism) buturutse mu baturage n’imiryango yigenga,

Gukorana n’inzego mpuzamahanga nka International Committee of the Red Cross mu gukurikirana uburyo abakekwaho ibyaha bafashwamo.

6. Ingaruka mu gihe kiri imbere

Mu buryo bwiza: Komisiyo ikoze neza, ikubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga, bigatuma AFC/M23 igira isura nziza kandi bikagabanya amahirwe yo kwirukanwa mu biganiro mpuzamahanga.

Mu buryo bubi: Komisiyo iramutse ibaye igikoresho cya politiki, igakora ibyaha mpuzamahanga, bigatuma abayobozi bayo bashyirwa ku rutonde rw’abashakishwa na ICC.

Isuzuma ry’ukuntu icyemezo cya AFC/M23 cyo ku wa 12 Kanama 2025 gishobora guhindura imiterere y’ibiganiro bya Nairobi na Luanda hagati ya AFC/M23 na Leta ya RDC:

1. Icyemezo gishya nk’ikibatsi cya politiki

Icyemezo N° 022/COORDO/AFC-M23/2025 cyo gushyiraho komisiyo y’ubutabera mu bice bigenzurwa na M23, gishobora gufatwa nk’igikorwa cya politiki gikomeye mu gihe ibiganiro bya Nairobi (ku bufatanye bwa EAC) na Luanda (ku bufatanye bwa Angola na CIRGL) bikiri mu nzira yo gushaka umuti w’ihagarikwa ry’imirwano.

Ku ruhande rwa AFC/M23: gishobora kubafasha kwerekana ko bafite ubushobozi bwo gucunga neza abaturage, bityo bakaba bifuza kugira igice cy’ubuyobozi bwemewe mu rwego rw’igihugu mu turere bagenzura.

Ku ruhande rwa RDC: bishobora gufatwa nk’igikorwa cyo kwiyitirira ububasha bwa Leta, bigatuma barushaho kutizera ko AFC/M23 ishaka gusubiza ibyo bice mu maboko ya Kinshasa.

2. Imbaraga zo kuganira

Mu biganiro bya Nairobi: AFC/M23 ishobora gukoresha iyi komisiyo nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko bafite imiterere y’inzego zishobora guhuza abaturage na Leta, bityo bakaba basaba ko ibiganiro biganisha ku masezerano yo gusangira ubutegetsi (power-sharing) cyangwa ubuyobozi bwihariye mu ntara.

Mu biganiro bya Luanda: Angola nk’umuhuza ishobora kugerageza gukoresha iyi komisiyo nk’uruhare rwo kugabanya ihohoterwa no gutanga serivisi, ariko RDC ishobora gusaba ko komisiyo iseswa cyangwa igashyirwa mu biganza bya Leta mbere y’uko haganirwa ku bindi.

3. Uko bishobora gutuma ibiganiro bikomera

Iki cyemezo gishobora guteza:

Kongera amakenga ku ruhande rwa RDC kuko kigaragaza ko AFC/M23 iri kugenda ikomeza kubaka inzego zayo nk’ubutegetsi bwigenga.

Kongera impungenge mu mpande mpuzamahanga zimaze igihe zisaba ko AFC/M23 ishyira intwaro hasi, kuko kigaragaza ko mu gihe ibiganiro bitararangira, uyu mutwe urimo guhamya ububasha bwayo.

4. Uko bishobora no kuba inyungu

Ku ruhande rwa AFC/M23, niba komisiyo ikora mu mucyo kandi ikubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga:

Ishobora kuba ikarita yo kugaragaza ubushobozi bwo gucunga abaturage mu buryo bwiza, bikaba byatuma impande mpuzamahanga zisaba RDC kwemera amavugurura mu buryo bwo kuyobora uturere twa Kivu.

Bishobora gufasha mu gukurura abahuza bashya mu biganiro, nko guverinoma z’ibihugu byo mu karere zishaka gushyigikira inzira y’ubutabera no gucunga abaturage mu mahoro.

5. Ingaruka ku ishusho y’ibiganiro

Inyungu: Iki gikorwa gishobora gutuma impande zombi zemeranya ku buryo bwo kugabana inshingano mu nzego z’ibanze, bigahinduka intangiriro yo kugabanya imirwano.

Akaga: Iki gikorwa gishobora gufatwa nka “provocation” na RDC, bigatuma ibiganiro bihagarara burundu cyangwa bikagenda biguruntege.

6. Inyungu n’imbogamizi ku mpande mpuzamahanga

EAC na CIRGL: Zishobora kubona iki gikorwa nk’akaryo ko kongera gushyira ku meza gahunda yo kuvugurura imiyoborere muri Kivu, ariko na none zikaba zifite inshingano yo kuburira AFC/M23 ko kwiyubakira inzego z’ubutabera bishobora kurenga ku bubasha bwa Leta ya RDC.

LONI (MONUSCO): Ishobora kubisaba nk’umwanya wo gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana uko ubutabera bukorwa, ariko ikagaragaza impungenge ku bwisanzure bw’inkiko.

7. Icyo bishobora gutera mu gihe kirekire

Niba ibiganiro biguma ku murongo mwiza, iyi komisiyo ishobora kuzahindurwa inzego zemewe mu buryo bwa “transitional justice” zifasha mu gusubiza amahoro mu baturage.

Ariko niba ibiganiro byananiranye, iyi komisiyo izafatwa nk’igice cy’ubuyobozi bwa AFC/M23, ikaba intandaro y’ibirego bishya byo kwigenga ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko (self-determination claim).